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Loss of 'sleep switch' brain cells may explain sleep disruption in the elderly

Date: Aug-21-2014
While scientists are aware that many older people struggle to get a good night's rest,

the underlying cause of their insomnia and sleep disruption is largely unknown. Now, a new study

suggests it may be because as we age, we lose cells in an area of the brain that allows us to nod

off.

Researchers have found that as we age, we lose cells in an area of the brain that allows us to sleep, providing clues as to why older adults experience insomnia.

With his colleagues, neuroscientist Andrew Lim, assistant professor of neurology at Sunnybrook

Health Sciences center in the University of Toronto, show for the first time that the amount of

neurons in the "sleep switch" area of the brain, whose loss in rats leads to sleep disruption, is

substantially diminished in the brains of older humans.

They report their findings in the journal Brain.

"In many older people with insomnia and other patterns of sleep disruption, the underlying

cause is unknown. We provide evidence that loss of neurons in a particular region of the brain

that controls sleep may be an important contributor to insomnia in many older individuals," says

Prof. Lim.

He and his co-researchers hope their discovery will lead to new treatments for insomnia and

sleep disruption in older adults and help to improve their quality of life.

Also, says Prof. Lim, given recent evidence that sleep disruption may predispose to or trigger

Alzheimer's disease, perhaps treatments based on the findings may even prevent or slow the

disease.

'Sleep switch' turns off arousal systems in the brain

Co-author Clifford B. Saper, James Jackson Putnam Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical

School, Boston, MA, says compared with our 20s, by the time we reach our 70s, on average

we get around an hour less sleep per night:

"Sleep loss and sleep fragmentation is associated with a number of health issues, including

cognitive dysfunction, increased blood pressure and vascular disease, and a tendency to develop

type 2 diabetes. It now appears that loss of these neurons may be contributing to these various

disorders as people age."

It was nearly 20 years ago when Prof. Saper led research that found the "sleep switch" in

the hypothalamus of rats. His lab discovered this inhibitory group of brain cells - known as the

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus - was responsible for turning off the brain's arousal systems,

allowing the animals to drop off to sleep.

They found when the neurons were lost, the rats experienced profound insomnia: their sleep

time was cut by 50%, and any sleep they did manage to get was fragmented and disrupted.

Fewer neurons in sleep switch in humans linked to more sleep disruption

The human brain has a similar group of cells known as the intermediate nucleus, also located

in the hypothalamus, and it shows the same inhibitory neurotransmitters as in rats. The researchers wondered if it might behave in the same way in controlling sleep.

So they looked at data from a long-term study of aging and dementia, where participants had

volunteered to donate their brains to research when they died. That study, known as the Rush Memory and Aging

Project, began following around 1,000 healthy 65-year-olds in 1997.

Since 2005, some of the participants have been monitoring their activity every 2 years for about a

week to 10 days by wearing actigraphic recorders on their wrists. The waterproof devices monitor all

movements, large and small, in intervals of 15 seconds. Prof. Lim says they had used these before

in their research and found "absence of movement for 5 minutes or longer correlated with sleep

intervals."

By comparing what they found in the brain autopsies of 45 of the participants who died at

around 89 years of age with actigraph readings from the years leading up to when they died, the

researchers found links between the number of neurons in the sleep switch area and the amount of

sleep disruption, as Prof. Saper explains:

"We found that in the older patients who did not have Alzheimer's disease, the number of

ventrolateral preoptic neurons correlated inversely with the amount of sleep fragmentation. The

fewer the neurons, the more fragmented the sleep became."

Dr. Lim further explains their findings in the video below:

They found the participants whose sleep switch contained more than 6,000 neurons spent at

least 50% of their sleep time in non-disrupted sleep. But participants with fewer than 3,000

neurons in this brain area only enjoyed non-disrupted sleep for less than 40% of their sleep

time.

Meanwhile, Medical News Today also recently learned how researchers in Singapore

found shortness of sleep may speed

up brain aging.

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD

View all articles written by Catharine, or follow her on:

Courtesy: Medical News Today
Note: Any medical information available in this news section is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a health care professional.