Multivitamins 'waste of money,' say medical experts

Date: Dec-18-2013"Enough is enough: stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements," say medical

experts in an editorial of a leading journal that has just published three new studies examining

whether routine use of vitamin and mineral supplements brings health benefits.

Writing in Annals of Internal Medicine, the editorial authors conclude that most

supplements do not prevent chronic disease or death, some may even be harmful in well-nourished

adults, and there is a large body of evidence to support this.

Their routine use is not justified

and they should be avoided, they urge, noting that:

"This message is especially true for the general population with no clear evidence of

micronutrient deficiencies, who represent most supplement users in the United States and in other

countries."

Editorial co-author Dr. Edgar Miller, professor of medicine and epidemiology at Johns Hopkins

Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, MD, told CBS News that people would be better off

spending money on healthy foods, such as "fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans, low-fat dairy," and getting exercise.

US consumers spend over $28 billion a year on supplements

In the editorial, Dr. Miller and colleagues say despite "sobering evidence" of no health

benefit and even of possible harm, US adults are spending more and more on multivitamins.

They note how use of multivitamins increased among US adults from 30% between 1988 and 1994 to

39% between 2003 and 2006, while overall use of dietary supplements grew from 42% to 53% over the

same period.

There have been some dips - for instance, studies have linked certain supplements to

negative outcomes - but overall the supplements industry has kept growing. In the US, it

reached $28 billion a year in 2010. Trends in the UK and other European countries are similar,

notes the editorial.

One point that stands out in the editorial is that consumers seem to react differently to

evidence of negative results versus null results.

While overall use of supplements has gone up, use of certain individual supplements has gone

down, for example beta-carotene and vitamin E. This decline followed reports of studies that showed

these could be harmful.

On the other hand, evidence that daily supplements have null effects - that is, they make no

difference to health - appear to have no effect on consumers and overall sales have kept

growing.

Three studies suggest no benefit to supplements

In one of the studies published in the same issue as the editorial, Dr. Francine Grodstein, of

Harvard School of Public Health, and colleagues examined data from the The Physicians' Health

Study II, to look at the effect of long-term use of multivitamins on cognitive health.

The participants were nearly 6,000 male doctors aged 65 and over, who were randomized to take

either a daily multivitamin pill or placebo pill for 12 years.

Tests of memory and cognitive function showed no difference between the two groups, and the researchers conclude:

"In male physicians aged 65 years or older, long-term use of a daily multivitamin did not

provide cognitive benefits."

In another study, researchers reviewed evidence on the use of vitamin and mineral supplements to

prevent heart disease and cancer, in order to update the guidelines for the US Preventive Services Task

Force - an expert panel that advises the US government.

Their review found "limited evidence" to justify regular supplementation with vitamins and

minerals for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

They also note that beta-carotene appears to increase risk of lung cancer in smokers.

And in the third study, researchers looked at the role of multivitamins and minerals in

preventing a further heart attack, in more than 1,700 patients recruited at least 6 weeks after a

heart attack (myocardial infarction).

Having a heart attack raises a person's risk of a further attack, stroke or death.

The patients were randomly assigned to receive either a daily high dose of multivitamins and

minerals, or placebo pills for 5 years.

The study results showed no differences between the two groups in rates of chest pain, another

attack, need for hospitalization, stroke or early death.

However, the authors note that these results should be treated with caution since not all

participants took the pills as they should.

Strong reaction from the supplement industry

The Council for Responsibile Nutrition (CRN), a group that represents the supplement industry, has

voiced strong objections to the editorial.

They argue that while it is all very well to say instead of taking

supplements people should concentrate on eating a healthy diet and exercising, this "fantasy"

vision fails to recognize "real life."

Steve Mister, CRN's President and CEO, says:

"The editorial demonstrates a close-minded, one-sided approach that attempts to dismiss even the

proven benefits of vitamins and minerals. It's a shame for consumers that the authors refuse to

recognize the real-life need for vitamin and mineral supplementation, living in a fairy-tale world

that makes the inaccurate assumption that we're all eating healthy diets and getting everything we

need from food alone."

He says while not suggesting supplements are a panacea, he hopes the authors agree

they have their place, especially as government studies show consumers are repeatedly failing to

eat a healthy diet.

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD

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