Every 40 seconds a person dies by suicide, say WHO in call for global action

Date: Sep-05-2014In its first report on suicide prevention, the World Health Organization call for

global action to reduce the 800,000 deaths by suicide every year, three-quarters of them in low-

and middle-income countries. The UN health agency says suicide is preventable, and governments

can tackle it effectively by getting all their sectors working together under a national

strategy.

Announcing the release of the report in Geneva on Thursday, WHO Director-General Dr.Margaret

Chan, says:

"This report is a call for action to address a large public health problem which has been

shrouded in taboo for far too long."

Suicide is a global problem says the report. It takes place at any age, and although

globally the highest rates are among the elderly aged 70 and over, it is the second leading

cause of death in younger people aged 15 to 29.

Suicide is preventable

A key message of the report is suicide is preventable: the idea that once a person is

suicidal they remain like that for life as a myth. The fact is, says WHO:

The report says it is a myth that talking about suicide is likely to encourage it.

"Heightened suicide risk is often short-term and situation-specific. While suicidal thoughts

may return, they are not permanent and an individual with previously suicidal thoughts and

attempts can go on to live a long life."

Evidence from several countries suggests limiting access to the means that people use to

commit suicide can stop them doing so. Some of the most common means include ingesting

pesticide poisons, hanging and use of firearms.

And another important way to reduce deaths by suicide, says the WHO report, is having a

national coordinated action plan, which currently only 28 countries have adopted. Effective

suicide prevention requires that government departments work together and develop a

comprehensive coordinated response.

"High-level commitment is needed not just within the health sector, but also within

education, employment, social welfare and judicial departments," says WHO.

Dr Alexandra Fleischmann, Scientist in the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse at

WHO, says:

"No matter where a country currently stands in suicide prevention, effective measures can be

taken, even just starting at local level and on a small-scale."

The report also urges the media to be responsible about reporting suicides. They should not

use language that sensationalizes suicide, nor give details of the means that people have

used.

A study reported in Lancet Psychiatry earlier in 2014, found that in the US, high-

profile coverage of suicides in the newspapers is linked to

copycat suicides among teenagers.

Talking about suicide helps

Another myth about suicide, says the report, is that talking about suicide is likely to

encourage it. But in fact the opposite is true: it is talking about suicide that helps, but

given the widespread stigma surrounding it, many people who are thinking about it don't know who

to turn to.

When caring for people who have attempted suicide or are having suicidal thoughts, it is

important that health workers follow up by phone and home visits and ensure community support is

provided. People who have attempted suicide are at the greatest risk of trying again.

A global view of suicide

Dr Shekhar Saxena, Director of the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse at WHO

says the report is the first to present a "comprehensive overview of suicide, suicide attempts

and successful suicide prevention efforts worldwide. We know what works. Now is the time to

act."

Across the world, more men die by suicide than women. In wealthy nations, statistics show

three times as many men commit suicide as women, with men age 50 and over being the most

vulnerable group.

However, among women aged 70, death by suicide is twice as common as among those aged 15-

29.

The less wealthy nations have higher rates of suicide among young adults and elderly women

than wealthy nations.

In Africa, the estimated suicide rate was close to the global average of 11.4 per 100,000 in

2012. Suicide by pesticide poisoning appears to be the most common method used. Between 2000 and

2012, suicide rates appeared to have risen by 38% in Africa. They are particularly high among

the elderly, but there is also a peak among the young.

In the Americas, suicide rates appear to be generally lower than other regions. Rates peak

among the young, remain at the same level for other age groups, then rise again among elderly

men.

In high-income countries half of suicides are by hanging, with firearms next, accounting for

18% of suicides. The high rate of suicide by firearms in the Americas (46% of suicides) is the

reason firearms comes in second place globally for high-income countries - outside of the

Americas firearms accounts for only 4.5% of suicides in high-income countries.

In the Eastern Mediterranean, where estimated suicide rates are generally lower, there is

however evidence that suicide rates are relatively high in the 15-29 age group, and in people

aged 60 and over.

In Europe, the suicide rate is above the global average. The rates peak among the young,

middle-aged men, and the elderly. The big concern for this region is that suicide is the main

cause of death among 15- to 29-year-olds in many countries. On the plus side, Europe has many

countries already implementing suicide prevention schemes.

South-East Asia has the highest suicide rate, with most suicides in the world occurring in

this region. This peaks among the young and the elderly. India accounts for the highest

estimated number of suicides overall in 2012. Pesticide ingestion is of particular concern in

rural agricultural areas in the South-East Asia region.

The Western Pacific has a high proportion of the suicides in the world: the total suicide

deaths in the Western Pacific Region is approximately 180,000. China accounts for the second

highest estimated number of suicides overall in 2012, and the republic of Korea is the country

with the third highest.

The Western Pacific is the only region where the suicide rate is higher among women than in

men, and where suicide ranks higher as a cause of death in women than it does in men. Pesticide

ingestion is also of particular concern in rural agricultural areas of the Western Pacific.

Suicide among young people is a worry everywhere, but particularly in countries of the

Pacific.

10 September is World Suicide

Prevention Day, an opportunity for individuals, organizations and governments everywhere to

raise awareness of suicide, dispel the myths, break the taboos, spread information and promote

action about suicide prevention around the world.

Written by Catharine Paddock PhD

View all articles written by Catharine, or follow her on:

Courtesy: Medical News Today Note: Any medical information available in this news section is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a health care professional.