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Leaving A Bad Taste In Your Mouth - Sinusitis
Date: Oct-09-2012The immune system protects the upper respiratory tract from bacterial infections, but the cues that alert the immune system to the presence of bacteria are not known. In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, researchers led by Noam Cohen at the University of Pennsylvania demonstrated that the bitter taste receptor T2R38 regulates the immune defense of the human upper airway. Cohen and colleagues found that T2R38 was expressed in the cells that line the upper respiratory tract and could be activated by molecules secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria...
Students And Teachers Benefit From Testing As It Promotes Long-Term Learning
Date: Oct-09-2012Pop quiz! Tests are good for: (a) Assessing what you've learned; (b) Learning new information; (c) a & b; (d) None of the above. The correct answer? According to research from psychological science, it's both (a) and (b) - while testing can be useful as an assessment tool, the actual process of taking a test can also help us to learn and retain new information over the long term and apply it across different contexts...
The Effect Of Nicotine On Learning And Memory Explained By Discovery Of Gatekeeper Nerve Cells
Date: Oct-09-2012Swedish researchers at Uppsala University have, together with Brazilian collaborators, discovered a new group of nerve cells that regulate processes of learning and memory. These cells act as gatekeepers and carry a receptor for nicotine, which can explain our ability to remember and sort information. The discovery of the gatekeeper cells, which are part of a memory network together with several other nerve cells in the hippocampus, reveal new fundamental knowledge about learning and memory. The study is published in Nature Neuroscience...
Novel Oncogenic Network Specific To Liver Cancer Initiation, A Basis For Potential HCC Preventive Strategies
Date: Oct-09-2012Researchers headed by Erwin Wagner, the Director of the BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme at the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), have deciphered how a stress-inducible gene regulator, AP-1, controls the survival of liver tumor-initiating cells. These results, published in the online edition of Nature Cell Biology, could provide new preventive strategies and identify potentially targetable molecules to prevent liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes more than 500,000 deaths per year worldwide...
News From The Journal Of Clinical Investigation: October 8, 2012
Date: Oct-09-2012Synaptic protein linked to Levodopa-induced dyskinesia Dopamine replacement is a standard treatment for Parkinson's disease; however, one of the side effects is a movement disorder known as Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Erwan Bezard and colleagues at the University of Bordeaux found that the protein PSD-95, which which organizes proteins at neuronal synapses, was overexpressed in monkeys with LID...
How Ultraviolet Radiation Changes The Protective Functions Of Human Skin
Date: Oct-09-2012Reinhold Dauskardt, PhD, of Stanford's Department of Materials Science and Engineering has been studying skin for years. But when he sent his students to look for data on the mechanical properties of skin, they came back empty-handed. A lot was known about skin structure and disease, but few papers actually talked about its mechanical function - its ability to stretch and resist tension without tearing. "That motivated us to get more interested in the skin itself," said Dauskardt. He and his team, including Ph.D...
Discovery Of Genes In An Animal Model Of Opiate Addiction May Lead To New Drug Target For Treatment
Date: Oct-09-2012Chronic morphine exposure has the opposite effect on the brain compared to cocaine in mice, providing new insight into the basis of opiate addiction, according to Mount Sinai School of Medicine researchers. They found that a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is increased in cocaine addiction, is inhibited in opioid addiction. The research is published in Science...
Social Factors May Influence Our Perceptual Processing
Date: Oct-09-2012Hate the Lakers? Do the Celtics make you want to hurl? Whether you like someone can affect how your brain processes their actions, according to new research from the Brain and Creativity Institute at USC. Most of the time, watching someone else move causes a 'mirroring' effect - that is, the parts of our brains responsible for motor skills are activated by watching someone else in action...
More Heart Failure Patients Could Be Helped By Advanced Pacemaker
Date: Oct-09-2012A new study from Karolinska Institutet demonstrates that a change in the ECG wave called the QRS prolongation is associated with a higher rate of heart-failure mortality. According to the team that carried out the study, which is published in the scientific periodical The European Heart Journal, the discovery suggests that more heart-failure cases than the most serious could be helped by pacemakers. Heart failure, which takes a multitude of forms, is one of the most common causes of hospitalisation and death in the West...
New Drug Targets Provided By Smallest And Fastest-Known RNA Switches
Date: Oct-09-2012A University of Michigan biophysical chemist and his colleagues have discovered the smallest and fastest-known molecular switches made of RNA, the chemical cousin of DNA. The researchers say these rare, fleeting structures are prime targets for the development of new antiviral and antibiotic drugs. Once believed to merely store and relay genetic information, RNA is now known to be a cellular Swiss Army knife of sorts, performing a wide variety of tasks and morphing into myriad shapes...
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